
From bilateralism to a system: Europe’s early trade treaties and lessons for EU trade policy in a contested world
As tensions rise between major powers and the global trading system becomes more contested, policymakers often frame the choice

As tensions rise between major powers and the global trading system becomes more contested, policymakers often frame the choice

Covid travel restrictions limited movement of people but also made cross-border goods trade more difficult. This column uses a

China is challenging US leadership in both AI hardware and software, with Europe unlikely to catch up. Despite Chinese

Trade policy has become a major source of macroeconomic risk. The sharp rise in trade restrictions and the growing

Bilateral trade shocks may reallocate demand and competition across countries, creating spillovers for firms in bystander countries. To study

As global trade policy becomes increasingly protectionist, the threat of tariff retaliation looms large. This column analyses how the

How much has trade policy changed globally? This column introduces the Trade Policy Activity Index, a monthly measure of

EU aid is still more poverty-focused than peers, but external policy drivers are growing and reshaping development cooperation after

The motives for the accumulation and management of foreign exchange reserves are a key topic in international economics. This

Navigating global trade data is often a dual challenge for policymakers and researchers: finding the right numbers is hard,

As tensions rise between major powers and the global trading system becomes more contested, policymakers often frame the choice

Covid travel restrictions limited movement of people but also made cross-border goods trade more difficult. This column uses a

China is challenging US leadership in both AI hardware and software, with Europe unlikely to catch up. Despite Chinese

Trade policy has become a major source of macroeconomic risk. The sharp rise in trade restrictions and the growing

Bilateral trade shocks may reallocate demand and competition across countries, creating spillovers for firms in bystander countries. To study

As global trade policy becomes increasingly protectionist, the threat of tariff retaliation looms large. This column analyses how the

How much has trade policy changed globally? This column introduces the Trade Policy Activity Index, a monthly measure of

EU aid is still more poverty-focused than peers, but external policy drivers are growing and reshaping development cooperation after

The motives for the accumulation and management of foreign exchange reserves are a key topic in international economics. This

Navigating global trade data is often a dual challenge for policymakers and researchers: finding the right numbers is hard,




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