China’s accession to the WTO increased pollution via coal powerplants, not exporters or their suppliers and consumers
As countries consider trade deals to foster development, the question of how trade impacts pollution keeps resurfacing. This column examines how China’s rapid entry into
The impact of global versus regional energy shocks on the EU
Not all energy shocks are alike. This column uses a multi-country, multi-sector DSGE model with production networks and trade linkages to compare a Europe-centric regional
Europe’s ungoverned space: Military AI and the autonomy that cannot be bought
European defence ministries and intelligence services run on infrastructure they do not control and cannot independently audit – a situation highlighted by the US administration’s
Trade restrictions, trade policy uncertainty and FDI flows
Trade policy has become a major source of macroeconomic risk. The sharp rise in trade restrictions and the growing unpredictability of trade rules are reshaping
The impact of trade wars on firms in third countries
Bilateral trade shocks may reallocate demand and competition across countries, creating spillovers for firms in bystander countries. To study how firms respond to trade shocks
Europe must prepare for a possible oil supply crunch
With falling commercial and emergency oil reserves, Europe’s oil price shock could soon become a volume crisis – a scenario for which it must prepare.
Metal prices surge as supply pressures intensify
Metal prices are surging again. The World Bank Group’s metals and minerals price index has jumped by about 20 percent since the start of the
How do trade restrictiveness and trade policy uncertainty affect FDI? An empirical investigation
Rising trade barriers and uncertainty are choking FDI inflows, hitting low and middle-income investors hardest in a fragmented global economy. In the context of rising
Literature support and the capabilities of autonomous research agents
A central weakness of modern machine-learning systems is that performance tends to deteriorate outside the support of the training distribution. This column uses a tournament-style
Availability, accessibility, affordability of quality food are vital for food security, says FAO
The Director-General emphasised that the “Four Levels of Food” provide a crucial roadmap for enhancing food security. However, he noted that implementation requires systemic coherence.
