Energy transition achievable in emerging markets
Climate finance as a percentage of GDP will likely be the largest in South Africa, at 0.25 per cent, followed by India (0.13 per cent)
What will it take to stabilise debt in advanced countries?
Debt can be stabilised across advanced economies yet many face sizeable fiscal adjustments and rising vulnerability to market shifts. This paper analyses the prospects for
Continued growth despite a challenging environment: The Commission’s Autumn 2025 Forecast
The EU economy grew stronger than expected in recent quarters and all member states are set to return to growth in 2025. Modest but steady
Then and now: A look back and ahead at the US federal budget
There is now widespread concern that the US faces an unsustainable fiscal future under current policies. The rise in the debt-to-GDP ratio since 2001 can
The hidden costs of China’s industrial policy
China uses a wide array of industrial policies, such as subsidies and regulations, to promote strategic economic sectors. This column estimates that the equivalent fiscal
Supply chains and free trade agreements
Studies examining the effects of free trade agreements on the activities of multinational enterprises have tended to focus on trade between home countries and their
Spending smarter: A powerful growth strategy
With high public debt and weak medium-term growth, finance ministries seek to do more with less. This column argues that efficiency gaps in public spending
The lasting economic scars of war
Wars leave deep and lasting scars on economies. Using data for 115 conflicts across 145 countries over the past 75 years, this column documents large
The hidden cycle: How informality shapes fiscal policy and sovereign default
The informal sector tends to expand during economic downturns and contract in recoveries, and is also highly sensitive to fiscal policy. This column explores the
The macroeconomic implications of extreme weather events: Insights from advanced economies
Extreme weather events are increasing in frequency and intensity, yet their macroeconomic impacts remain poorly understood. This column argues that the highly localised nature of
