Proposing heating efficiency standards for Europe
More than half of the European Union’s natural gas imports are burned to keep buildings warm, with the heating and cooling of buildings using fossil
Lower capital requirements are no shortcut to European competitiveness
The European banking sector is known for high regulatory complexity, market fragmentation, and uneven implementation of international standards. However, this column argues that across-the-board reductions
Your debt, my inflation: The role of trust in the ECB
High public debt in several euro-area countries has renewed the debate over a central question: can fiscal pressures in one member state affect inflation expectations
A Mediterranean Community of Human Capital
Europe’s shrinking workforce is weighing on its productivity and welfare systems. Meanwhile, its southern Mediterranean neighbours currently produce growing numbers of graduates whom domestic labour
Financing the startup J-curve
High-growth startups often lose money before they make it. This column examines whether differences in financing capacity are reflected in the cash flow and growth
Europe’s regulatory double bind
The European Union’s AI Act – the world’s most ambitious regulatory framework for artificial intelligence to date – was supposed to enter into full effect
A sober look at the case for common European Union debt
More EU debt will not lower public borrowing costs or deepen markets without fiscal-union features, permanent issuance and credible fiscal backstops. Proposals for common European
The macroeconomic impact of the Recovery and Resilience Facility: An analysis for Italy, Spain, and Greece
The EU Recovery and Resilience Facility was launched to support post-Covid recovery while accelerating structural transformation through investment and reform. This column provides a preliminary
Green finance or financing green? Bridging the EU’s sustainable-finance and capital-market architectures
The European Union has not done a good job of integrating its green goals with its overall approach to finance. Sustainability disclosure and capital markets
The design and effect of tariff retaliation: Evidence from the EU
As global trade policy becomes increasingly protectionist, the threat of tariff retaliation looms large. This column analyses how the EU’s 2018 response to US steel
