Over the last decade, Europe has suffered from the decay of the post-war international order, economic coercion from both China and the United States, and aggression from Russia. This contribution puts these changes into a historical context, examines their short-term consequences, develops scenarios for 2030-2035 and uses these to draw out the policy implications for the next one to five years.
The short-term output impact of tariff and policy uncertainty since the beginning of the second Trump Presidency is expected to be moderate. However, Europe faces very high risks. Plausible short-term dangers include: a collapse of the US bond market; escalation of Russian military aggression against Ukraine or the European Union directly; a fiscal crisis triggered by a populist election victory in a high-debt euro-area member; or a trade shock triggered by increasing tensions between the US and China and/or hostile Chinese actions in East Asia.
We develop three benchmark scenarios for the world in 2035, all of which involve continued US-China rivalry and greater multipolarity than in the past:
- A further retreat from, or dismantling of, international cooperation, with continuing protectionism in the US and minimal global public goods.
- A three-bloc world involving China- and US-led blocs alongside a non-aligned set of countries, with the provision of international public goods within, and partially between blocs.
- A new multilateral order, with international cooperation over the provision of global public goods.
Actual outcomes could consist of combinations of these scenarios or variants of them. Scenario 1 would be least desirable for the EU, most countries individually and countries collectively, while scenario 3 would be most desirable. In scenario 2, Europe’s decision to align with the US or to choose non-alignment would depend on whether the US acts in a benevolent or coercive manner.
Short-to medium term policy must both prepare Europe for adverse future scenarios and contribute to greater international stability and cooperation. This requires policies that increase Europe’s strategic autonomy from the two superpowers, both for its protection and to increase its bargaining power. The policy focus should include much greater defence, tech and financial autonomy from the US, a far more resilient and integrated energy system, secure access to critical minerals and a fiscal framework that gives greater flexibility to low-risk countries. Internationally, Europe should defend and promote the reform of the rules-based international order by forming coalitions with other countries from the Global North and some from the Global South. The two priority areas should be trade policy and climate policy.
Source : Bruegel
