
The design and effect of tariff retaliation: Evidence from the EU
As global trade policy becomes increasingly protectionist, the threat of tariff retaliation looms large. This column analyses how the

As global trade policy becomes increasingly protectionist, the threat of tariff retaliation looms large. This column analyses how the

Governments with well-designed fiscal rules generally enjoy lower yields but less is known about whether investors price compliance with

How much has trade policy changed globally? This column introduces the Trade Policy Activity Index, a monthly measure of

Emerging market economies hold foreign exchange reserves to insure against currency crises and to cushion exchange rate movements. Reserves

Europe’s Capital Markets Union debate is again centred on how to turn savings into productive investment. This column uses

State-owned enterprises (SOEs) are involved in almost every facet of life across developing countries – from electricity, water, transport

Metal prices are surging again. The World Bank Group’s metals and minerals price index has jumped by about 20

EU aid is still more poverty-focused than peers, but external policy drivers are growing and reshaping development cooperation after

Rising trade barriers and uncertainty are choking FDI inflows, hitting low and middle-income investors hardest in a fragmented global

The post-COVID inflation surge was global, but inflation persistence was not. This column argues that the key difference lies

As global trade policy becomes increasingly protectionist, the threat of tariff retaliation looms large. This column analyses how the

Governments with well-designed fiscal rules generally enjoy lower yields but less is known about whether investors price compliance with

How much has trade policy changed globally? This column introduces the Trade Policy Activity Index, a monthly measure of

Emerging market economies hold foreign exchange reserves to insure against currency crises and to cushion exchange rate movements. Reserves

Europe’s Capital Markets Union debate is again centred on how to turn savings into productive investment. This column uses

State-owned enterprises (SOEs) are involved in almost every facet of life across developing countries – from electricity, water, transport

Metal prices are surging again. The World Bank Group’s metals and minerals price index has jumped by about 20

EU aid is still more poverty-focused than peers, but external policy drivers are growing and reshaping development cooperation after

Rising trade barriers and uncertainty are choking FDI inflows, hitting low and middle-income investors hardest in a fragmented global

The post-COVID inflation surge was global, but inflation persistence was not. This column argues that the key difference lies




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