EU tax advice has broadened to new objectives, yet uneven implementation highlights the limits of soft coordination.
The European Commission is increasingly emphasising tax policy as a tool to respond to emerging challenges, ranging from growth and competitiveness to the climate transition and inequality. Through the European Semester, the European Commission proposes to European Union countries annual country-specific recommendations (CSRs) in various areas of economic governance, including tax policy guidance aligned with EU priorities. This paper examines how the content, focus and implementation of tax-related CSRs changed between 2011 and 2025.
We draw on the Commission’s CSR database and classify each recommendation by targeted tax instrument and policy objective, and assess implementation over time. We find a clear shift in priorities away from labour and consumption tax reforms, and towards capital taxation, tax administration and environmental taxes. This mirrors a parallel reorientation of objectives, from growth and fiscal sustainability toward environmental sustainability and tackling tax avoidance. More recently, however, growth-related objectives appear to be making a comeback, possibly linked to renewed concerns about competitiveness. However, these shifts do not appear to reflect the successful implementation of older recommendations. Few tax-related CSRs are fully or substantially implemented, with notable differences between countries in degree of implementation.
These findings suggest that changes in the Commission’s tax-related advice have been driven less by the successful implementation of earlier reforms and more by a reorientation of the Commission’s policy agenda toward new objectives. This widening scope highlights the European Semester’s flexibility in integrating emerging priorities. However, poor implementation also suggests there still are challenges to soft coordination on tax. Strengthening coordination requires clearer prioritisation, more specific guidance, sustained (national) commitment and greater attention to national contexts and reform feasibility.
Source : Bruegel
