Tariff avoidance and import measurement: Lessons from the first US-China trade war
Until 2018, the US-China trade data gap was in line with the discrepancies found in the bilateral trade data of China and its other partners,
Pension design and general public finances: Beyond baseline actuarial neutrality
The design of pension rules must take into account, through an actuarial neutrality approach, the adjustments to pension levels that are necessary in the case
Innovation in the digital economy architecture: Ensuring regulatory simplification drives innovation and growth
Over the last decade, the EU has pioneered a world-leading framework for digital governance, but the result has been an increasingly complex regulatory landscape and
When loss strikes twice: Health shocks and household financial distress
While many advanced economies shield their citizens from the most severe direct medical costs of illness, less is known about how households cope with income
Labour market institutions for the AI era: The need for verified employment records
The rise of AI fundamentally alters the balance between formal credentials and verified experience in labour markets, but without verified employment records, experience remains invisible.
Then and now: A look back and ahead at the US federal budget
There is now widespread concern that the US faces an unsustainable fiscal future under current policies. The rise in the debt-to-GDP ratio since 2001 can
Financial fragmentation as a vulnerability in euro area bond markets
As European governments scale up investment, bond market stability is more critical than ever. This column shows that financial fragmentation can undermine that stability by
European defence governance and financing
In a context of shifting US commitments, external threats, and global competition over trade, technology, critical minerals, talent, and intellectual property, Europe’s lack of defence
Conflict in dismissals: Evidence from ‘separations by mutual agreement’ in France
Dismissals are costly and are often subject to stringent employment protection regulations. This column explores how France’s 2008 introduction of separation by mutual agreement affected
Beyond military sales: The market premium on dual-use research and development
The sharp rise in European defence spending – driven by Russia’s full-scale invasion of Ukraine, President Trump’s re-election and the weakening of US security guarantees,
