No, the EU does not impose a 45% tariff on itself
A recent paper which has gathered significant attention estimates a 45% tariff equivalent of intra-EU border costs. This column argues that this estimate is likely
When uncertainty rises, gold rallies
Precious metal prices are projected to reach new all-time highs in 2026, following an estimated 41 percent increase this year. Gold briefly exceeded $4,300 per
Tracking dataset use at scale with AI: How synthetic data helps overcome data scarcity
Understanding how data is used in research is key to strengthening the evidence base that informs policy and investment decisions. Yet despite the immense value
Navigating the complex world of non-tariff measures
For decades, global trade debates have centered on tariffs – the duties countries impose on imported goods. Today, a new, more complicated set of trade
Supply shocks and inflation: Timely insights from financial markets
Determining the drivers of inflation in real time is a central challenge for central banks. This column introduces a new financial markets-based model to identify
Generative AI: Uneven adoption, labour market returns, and policy implications
Generative AI is being adopted more rapidly than previous digital technologies and has the potential to deliver meaningful productivity gains in professional tasks, raising concerns
Frontiers of digital finance, part 1: A global perspective
The digitisation of payment, trading, and settlement systems is reshaping the financial architecture. This column, the first in a two-part series, offers an overview of
Understanding US foreign military sales globally since 2008: an analysis of a new dataset
This paper introduces a new and unique dataset of all United States Foreign Military Sales (FMS) programme notifications from 2008 to September 2025. The dataset covers purchasing
Swedish household debt is not too high: Look at solvency and liquidity, not debt to income
The Swedish authorities and international organisations often claim that household debt poses a threat to financial and macroeconomic stability, with reference to a high debt-to-income
Navigating the 2022 inflation surge: Lessons for monetary policy frameworks
The 2022 global inflation surge tested inflation-targeting frameworks under severe supply shocks. This column shows that, despite earlier and sharper tightening, inflation targeting central banks
