From words to deeds: Incorporating climate risks into sovereign credit ratings
Climate-related risks are increasingly recognised as an important threat to long-term fiscal sustainability. This column studies the extent to which credit rating agencies integrate these
Time to be strategic: How public money could power Europe’s green, digital, and defence transitions
After the June NATO summit, Europe faces greater challenges in funding its green, digital, and defence transitions, as new defence commitments strain national and EU
Building debt transparency and resilience across East Asia and the Pacific
As the world continues to emerge from the COVID-19 pandemic and its aftermath, countries face new and unexpected challenges. Elevated debt levels, persistent inflation, and
Sovereigns on thinning ice: debt sustainability, climate impacts and adaptation
A fundamental problem for sovereigns enacting climate policies is whether they can manage increasing debts as their economies suffer from adverse climate impacts. We develop
