Geopolitical shifts, uncertainty, and investment: Evidence from the EIB Investment Survey 2025
Geopolitical risks impact firms on both sides of the Atlantic. While the short-term outlook is better than expected, there remains huge uncertainty related to the
The macroeconomic impact of ageing, EU immigration policy and pension expenditures
The EU faces ageing-driven fiscal strain, slower growth and rising pension costs, making employment-focused migration increasingly vital. The European Union population is ageing increasingly rapidly,
How European consumers respond to US tariffs
Faced with the prospect of the US government imposing higher trade tariffs, European consumers are rethinking what they buy. This column explores how European consumers
When supply shocks to essential inputs spur innovation: Lessons from the global rare earths disruption
Trade and industrial policies designed to support domestic industries can unintentionally kindle technological progress abroad. This column examines the case of rare earth elements –
