Why export controls accelerate innovation: Evidence from the 2007 US ‘China Rule’
A key debate surrounding export controls is whether they accelerate innovation in targeted rivals. This column studies this question using a set of US export
Europe’s dependence on US foreign military sales and what to do about it
Europe’s reliance on US arms raises autonomy concerns, as security worsens and leaders aim to cut strategic and technological dependence. Worries about Europe’s dependence on
Violent conflict and cross-border lending
How states leverage sovereign debt to support their military endeavours has been examined thoroughly, but the relationship between private finance and armed conflict remains underexplored.
Human capital formation as a key component in Europe’s defence build-up
Government spending on defence, particularly defence R&D, can have significant economic spillovers. This column argues that the forthcoming European defence build-up must include a long-term
