Beyond carbon pricing: How different climate policies affect carbon leakage through trade
A central concern in the climate policy debate is whether ambitious mitigation efforts simply shift emissions abroad. This column addresses estimates carbon leakage rates and
Europe has a solid basis for battery and electric vehicle manufacturing growth
Europe is successfully building up battery and EV manufacturing capacity, though mainly thanks to foreign investment. Batteries and electric vehicles (EVs) contribute to Europe’s energy
Geopolitical shifts and their economic impacts on Europe: Short-term risks, medium-term scenarios and policy choices
Over the last decade, Europe has suffered from the decay of the post-war international order, economic coercion from both China and the United States, and
